Power loading in mu-mimo

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a system and method for transmitting data from an access point in a multiple user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) system are provided. A first indication of signal quality (ISQ) is received at the access point from a first station and a second ISQ is received from a second station. The access point sets a first power level and a first modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for transmission of a first aggregated media access control (MAC) protocol data unit (A-MPDU) to the first station as a function of the first ISQ and an amount of payload data corresponding to the first A-MPDU. The access point also sets a second power level and a second MCS for transmission of a second A-MPDU as a function of the second ISQ and an amount of payload data corresponding to the second A-MPDU.

PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/047,524, filed Oct. 7, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/845,482, filed Jul. 28, 2010, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,554,261, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Multiple-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems can transmit and receive signals to/from multiple users at a single antenna array at the same time. In a MU-MIMO system, multiple signals are sent in parallel and are kept separate from one another not by modulation or coding techniques, but by transmitting (or receiving) each signal in a different (e.g., orthogonal) direction. The process of transmitting (or receiving) a signal in a specific direction using an antenna array is known as beamforming. By selecting a beam for each signal that will produce limited interference with other parallel beams, multiple signals can be transmitted or received at the same time. Beams are often calculated to be orthogonal to one another in order to minimize the interference between the beams.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a mobile station for communicating in the wireless communication system of FIG. 1 in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an access point for communicating in the wireless communication system of FIG. 1 in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example frame for transmission by the access point of FIG. 1 in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example frame for transmission by the access point of FIG. 1 using power loading in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example block diagram for forming and transmitting a power loaded frame from the access point of FIG. 1 in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example block diagram for forming and transmitting a long training signal from the access point of FIG. 1 using the power loading applied in the frame of FIG. 6 in accordance with embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

In conventional systems, the lengths of a given mobile station's data stream can vary due to dynamic traffic conditions and the amount of data in the buffer. The transmission length of a given frame varies accordingly and is determined by the longest data stream. To align the terminations of the different data streams, padding bits are added to shorter data streams until all data streams have the same length. Transmission of padding bits, however, wastes transmission power since power is used transmitting bits with no information, and also increases the packet error probability. Additionally, the transmission of extra (padding) bits can add to interference caused to other data streams and co-channel networks.

In accordance with embodiments, power loading of different data streams may be used to align terminations of the data streams with minimal padding. For example, modulation and coding scheme (MCS) adjustments can be made to some or all of the data streams to get the data streams to the same length. Power loading can then be used to compensate for the changes in MCS. In particular, for data streams that are shortened by making the MCS less robust, the transmission power for the data stream can be increased to compensate for the less robust MCS. The overall power can be maintained by reducing the power level and making the MCS more robust for shorter data streams.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system 100. The wireless communication system 100 can include a plurality of mobile stations 102 in wireless communication with an access network 104. The access network 104 forwards information between the mobile stations 102 and another communications network 106. Communications network 106 can include the internet, a private intranet, or other network.

In an example, each mobile station 102 can include one or more antennas 114 for transmitting and receiving wireless signals to/from an access point 118 in the access network 104. The access point 118 can implement the air interface to the mobile stations 102, and can transmit and receive signals with an antenna array 116 coupled thereto. The access point 118 can be communicatively coupled to the communications network 106 for forwarding information to/from the mobile stations 106.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a mobile station 102. The mobile station 102 can include a memory 202 for storage of instructions 204 for execution on processing circuitry 206. The instructions 204 can comprise software configured to cause the mobile station 102 to perform actions for wireless communication between the mobile station 102 and the access point 118. The mobile station 102 can also include an RF transceiver 208 for transmission and reception of signals with the antenna 114.

In some examples, the mobile station 102 can be a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or desktop computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a net-book, a wireless telephone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), or other device that can receive and/or transmit information wirelessly.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an access point 118. The access point 118 can include a memory 302 for storage of instructions 304 for execution on processing circuitry 306. The instructions 304 can comprise software configured to cause the access point 118 to perform actions for wireless communication between the mobile station 102 and the access point 118. The access point 118 can also include an RF transceiver 308 for transmission and reception of signals using the antenna array 116. The processing circuitry 306 can be configured to implement beamforming with the antenna array 116. In an example, the processing circuitry 306 can be configured to use the antenna array 116 to implement adaptive beamforming in a MU-MIMO system. That is, multiple beams can be implemented at the same time to different mobile stations 102. Moreover, the direction of each beam can change dynamically according to changes in the signal path to a given mobile station 102. The access point 118 can include a network switch, router, or hub for sending and receiving information with the communications network 106.

In an example, the mobile station 102 and access point 118 can be configured to operate in accordance with one or more frequency bands and/or standards profiles. For example, the mobile station 102 and access point 118 can be configured to communicate in accordance with specific communication standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards. In particular, the mobile station 102 can be configured to operate in accordance with one or more versions of the IEEE 802.11ac communication standard for MU-MIMO Wi-Fi.

In some examples, RF transceiver 208 and RF transceiver 308 can be configured to transmit and receive orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) communication signals which comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. In broadband multicarrier examples, the mobile station 102 and access point 118 can be configured to communicate in accordance with an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technique.

In other examples, the mobile station 102 and access point 118 can be configured to communicate using one or more other modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) modulation.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical layer (PHY) frame 400 for transmission by the access point 118 to multiple mobile stations 102 in a MU-MIMO implementation. In an example, the frame 400 is structured in accordance with the IEEE 802.11ac standard. The frame 400 includes one or more legacy training fields 406, legacy signaling fields 408, as well as one or more very high throughput (VHT) training fields 410, and one or more VHT signaling fields 412. The frame 400 also includes one or more frame headers 414 a-c followed by one or more aggregated media access control (MAC) protocol data units (A-MPDU) 416 a-c, and one or more tails 418 a-c. The transmission of frame 400 can be, for example, over a single 20 Mhz primary channel and up to seven 20 Mhz channels according to the IEEE 802.11ac standard.

The training fields 406 and 410 can be used to transmit training signals to the mobile stations 102 for use by the mobile stations 102 to set parameters in their receivers and decoders. In some examples, the training fields 406, 410 can include long and/or short training fields. The signaling fields 408 and 412 can be used to transmit information regarding the decoding of the A-MPDUs 416 a-c. For example, the signaling fields 408, 412 can contain information regarding the modulation and coding schemes (MCS) used to transmit the A-MPDUs 416 a-c. The mobile stations 102 can then use the MCS information to properly receive and decode the A-MPDU 416 a-c intended for them.

The A-MPDUs 416 a-c comprise the encoded payload data for the frame 400. Here, the payload data for a given A-MPDU 416 a-c comprises a plurality of MPDUs generated by the MAC layer. As shown, the frame 400 includes three A-MPDUs 416 a-c, each A-MPDU 416 a-c to be transmitted to a different mobile station 102. Accordingly, each A-MPDU 416 a-c can comprise a plurality of MPDUs 416 a-c generated from a data stream intended for a single mobile station 102.

In an example, the A-MPDUs 416 a-c (as well as training fields 406, 410, frame headers 414 a-c, tails 418 a-c, signaling fields 408, 412), however, can be transmitted using beamforming to direct each A-MPDU 416 a-c towards its intended recipient mobile station 102. Moreover, each A-MPDU 416 a-c can be transmitted with a distinct beam such that multiple A-MPDUs 416 a-c can be transmitted in parallel on the same set of frequency subcarriers. Furthermore, since each A-MPDU 416 a-c can be independently transmitted in a distinct beam, each A-MPDU 416 a-c can use a different MCS. Accordingly, the frame 400 of FIG. 4 illustrates time in the horizontal access and precoding in the vertical access such that different A-MPDUs 416 a-c are transmitted on the same set of frequency subcarriers, but use different precoding to be transmitted on different beams to different mobile stations.

As shown, the frame 400 comprises a conventional frame transmitted without power loading. Accordingly, MAC layer padding bits 420 are used to align the terminations of each A-MPDU 416 a-c. In an example, the MAC layer padding bits 420 can align the terminations to within one byte and physical layer padding bits 422 can be used to get exact bit alignment between the A-MPDUs 416 a-c. As can be seen, the full transmission power of the access point 118 is applied on useful data for a portion of the frame 400, but while the MAC layer padding bits 420 are being transmitted, some of the transmission power is used to transmit the padding bits. Accordingly, only part of the transmission power is used on the useful data.

FIG. 5 illustrates another example frame 500 where power loading is used to align the terminations of the A-MPDUs 516 a-c. Frame 500 includes the same fields as frame 400; legacy signaling fields 408, as well as one or more very high throughput (VHT) training fields 410, and one or more VHT signaling fields 412. Also the same as frame 400, frame 500 includes one or more frame headers 514 a-c followed by one or more aggregated media access control (MAC) protocol data units (A-MPDU) 516 a-c, and one or more tails 518 a-c. Similar to frame 400, the transmission of frame 500 can be, for example, over a single 20 Mhz primary channel and up to seven 20 Mhz channels according to the IEEE 802.11ac standard. Additionally, the frame 500 of FIG. 5 illustrates time in the horizontal access and precoding in the vertical access such that different A-MPDUs 516 a-c are transmitted on the same set of frequency subcarriers, but use different precoding to be transmitted on different beams to different mobile stations.

For comparison purposes, in the example frame 500, the A-MPDUs 516 a-c are formed from the same payload data as the A-MPDUs 416 a-c in frame 400. The A-MPDUs 516 a-c, however, have terminations that are aligned with much less MAC layer padding bits 520 than the MAC layer padding bits 420 in frame 400. This is because the A-MPDUs 516 a-c are power loaded and have their MCSs adjusted in order to align the terminations. Additionally, the overall length of frame 500 is less than frame 400 due to the power loading and MCS adjustment used. In an example, physical layer padding bits 522 can be used in frame 500 for padding less than one byte in length.

For comparison purposes, the A-MPDU 516 a is formed from the same payload data as used to form A-MPDU 416 a. Likewise, the A-MPDU 516 b is formed from the same payload data as used to form A-MPDU 516 b, and the A-MPDU 516 c is formed from the same payload data as used to form A-MPDU 516 c. As shown the A-MPDU 416 a is the longest of the A-MPDUs 416 a-c of frame 400. Thus, the length of the frame 400 is determined in part by the length of A-MPDU 416 a. The A-MPDU 416 b is in the middle for length and the A-MPDU 416 c is the shortest of the three A-MPDUs 416 a-c.

The frame 400 can be treated as a hypothetical frame generated by the access point 116. The hypothetical frame 400 can be used to determine the power loading and MCS to apply to the A-MPDUs in order to align the terminations of the A-MPDUs. In this hypothetical frame 400, each A-MPDU 416 a-c is generated to be transmitted at the same power level. Notably, however, the MCS of each A-MPDU 416 a-c is determined based on a signal quality between the access point 118 and the mobile station 102 to which the respective A-MPDU416 a-c would be transmitted. In this example, the A-MPDU 416 a is intended for a first mobile station 102 and the signal quality between the access point 118 and the first mobile station 102 is poor, a more robust MCS would be used for the A-MPDU 416 a. The A-MPDU 416 c is intended for a third mobile station 102 having a good signal quality and the A-MPDU 416 c has a correspondingly less robust MCS. The A-MPDU 416 b is intended for a second mobile station 102 having a signal quality in-between the first and third mobile stations 102, and the MCS for the A-MPDU 416 b is correspondingly in-between robustness of the A-MPDU 416 a and 416 c.

The signal quality between the access point 118 and a mobile station 102 can correspond to the downlink (e.g., from the access point 118 to the mobile station 102), uplink (e.g., from the mobile station 102 to the access point 118) or a combination (e.g., an average) of the downlink and uplink signal qualities. In an example, the signal quality is based on an indication received from a mobile station 102 regarding the signal quality of a downlink signal sent from the access point 118. For example, the access point 118 can broadcast a sounding signal that can be received by one or more mobile stations 102. A mobile station 102 receiving the sounding signal can send a return signal having an indication of the signal quality of the sounding signal as received by the mobile station 102. In an example, the return signal from the mobile station 102 can provide a signal-to-noise ratio for the sounding signal. In another example, the return signal can provide a bit-error rate for the sounding signal. In still other examples, the mobile station 102 can process the sounding signal and determine a preferred MCS to be used by the access point 118. The mobile station 102 can then send the appropriate MCS to the access point 118 as a preferred MCS for the access point 118 to use for A-MPDU transmission to the mobile station 102.

In any case, in frame 400, when the A-MPDUs 416 a-c are assigned to be transmitted with equal power, but the signal quality between the access point 118 and respective mobile stations 102 varies, the length of the A-MPDUs 416 a-c will also vary. Accordingly, the A-MPDU 416 a is the longest A-MPDU 416 a-c since the A-MPDU corresponds to the mobile station 102 having the poorest signal quality and the access point 118, therefore, applies the most robust MCS to A-MPDU 416 a as compared to the A-MPDUs 416 b and 416 c.

In order to align the terminations of the A-MPDUs 516 a-c, the power is increased above the power level used for the A-MPDUs 416 a-c in frame 400 for long A-MPDUs and the power level is decreased below the power level used in frame 400 for short A-MPDUs. Accordingly, the A-MPDU 516 a has a higher power level than the A-MPDU 416 a, the A-MPDU 516 c has a lower power level than the A-MPDU 416 c, and the A-MPDU 516 b has the same power level as the A-MPDU 416 b to maintain the same length.

Changing the power level enables the MCS to be changed which changes the length of an A-MPDU. Accordingly, in order to decrease the length of the A-MPDU 416 a, the power level is increased which compensates for a decrease in the robustness of the MCS. With the higher power, the MCS can be made less robust which shortens the length of the A-MPDU 416 a such that A-MPDU 516 a is generated. Since the power level for the A-MPDU 516 a was increased above the power level assigned to the A-MPDUs 416 a-c, the total power (without any other changes) transmitted by the access point 118 would increase correspondingly. In order to maintain the same total power as frame 400, the power level for A-MPDU 416 c can be decreased since the A-MPDU 416 c has a short length. In order to compensate for the decreased power, the MCS for the A-MPDU 416 c is made more robust and the length increases such that the A-MPDU 516 c is generated. In this example, the A-MPDU 416 b does not have its length changed, and the power level and MCS for 516 b are the same as that for A-MPDU 416 b.

In an example, the amount of increase in power level for the A-MPDU 516 a (as compared to the A-MPDU 416 a) can correspond to the amount of increase in robustness required for the MCS of the A-MPDU 516 a in order to align the termination of the A-MPDU 516 a with the terminations of the A-MPDU 516 b and 516 c. Thus, if a large increase in the MCS is needed a large power increase can also be applied. In an example, the relationship between the amount of MCS change per power level change is based on the structure of the receiver in the mobile station 102 (e.g., based on amount of power received). In an example, a 3 dB in the power level increase corresponds to 1-2 level decrease in MCS, where there are a total of 8 MCS levels (2-3 dB per MCS level).

In an example, the access point 118 determines the power levels and MCSs to be applied to each of the A-MPDUs 516 a-c together. Accordingly, the access point 118 can manage the total power limiting the total increase in power on A-MPDUs 516 a-c to equal the total decrease in power on other A-MPDUs 516 a-c transmitted in the same frame. Moreover, the access point 118 can manage the MCSs for each A-MPDU 516 a-c such that the length of each A-MPDU 516 a-c is substantially the same. In an example, each A-MPDU 516 a-c is the same length to within one byte. Notably, the length of each A-MPDU 516 a-c is dependent upon not only the MCS, but also the amount of payload data provided by the MAC layer for the A-MPDU 516 a-c. Moreover, since transmission power is not wasted on (as many) MAC layer padding bits 420, the overall length of the frame 500 can be reduced as compared to the frame 400.

In some examples, the access point 118 can send a notification of the length of and the MCS used for a given A-MPDU 516 a-c in one or more of the VHT-signaling fields 412 corresponding to the given A-MPDU 516 a-c. Accordingly, in some examples, the power loading and MCS adjustment can be transparent to the mobile station 102. The mobile station 102 merely receives the MCS used for the A-MPDU 516 a-c to be received, and decodes the A-MPDU 516 a-c using the MCS provided. Whether the MCS was increased or decreased is unknown and not needed by the mobile station 102. Additionally, the mobile station 102 does not need to know the power level for the A-MPDU 516 a-c.

In an example, the power level and MCS for each A-MPDU in a frame are set on a frame-by-frame basis. Accordingly, a hypothetical length can be determined for all the A-MPDUs in a first frame. The hypothetical length can be determined using the same power level for each A-MPDU and the preferred MCSs received from the mobile stations 102 corresponding to the A-MPDUs. Based on the amount of data for each A-MPDU, the hypothetical length can be determined. These lengths can then be adjusted as described above by changes in power level and MCS one or more of the A-MPDUs. The same process can be repeated for the next frame based on the new payload data for the new A-MPDUs and the mobile stations 102 corresponding to these new A-MPDUs.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example block diagram 600 for forming and transmitting the A-MPDUs 516 a-c with power loading to align the terminations of the A-MPDUs 516 a-c. Block diagram 600 illustrates forming A-MPDUs that correspond to the IEEE 802.11ac standard. At blocks 602 a-n data streams (e.g., payload data from the MAC layer) for respective mobile stations a-n have respective MCSs applied in order to align terminations as describe above with respect to frame 500. Next, the data streams have a cyclic prefix added at block 604 in accordance with an orthogonal frequency multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme. At block 606, the K diagonal matrix is applied that corresponds to the power loading. The power level applied each data stream corresponds to the MCSs that was applied at block 602 a-n for the respective data stream. At block 608, independent beams are formed for each data stream with a Q matrix that applies pre-coding to the data streams. The Q matrix comprises a plurality of Q vectors that are orthogonal to each other; one Q vector for each beam and each mobile station 102. At blocks 610 a-n, each data stream processed by an inverse Fourier transform. Each data stream is then transmitted from the antenna array 116 with its beam and power level applied at blocks 606 and 608. Accordingly, the power level is set for each beam.

In an example, the power level within a data stream transmitted to a given mobile station a-n remains the same throughout the frame 500. For example, the VHT long training field 510 and/or other fields within frame 500 can be transmitted using a power level that matches the corresponding A-MPDU 516 a-c. According, a first VHT long training field 510 intended for a first mobile station 102 can be transmitted at the power level set for the A-MPDU 516 a which is also intended for the first mobile station 102. FIG. 7 illustrates an example block diagram 700 for forming and transmitting the VHT long training field 510 at the same power level as associated A-MPDUs 516 a-c.

At block 702, a long training signal is input for the long training field 510. At blocks 704 a-n, the long training signal is mapped into multiple data streams each having the long training signal for a given mobile station a-n. The mobile stations a-n with respect to the long training signal in block diagram 700 are the same mobile stations a-n for the A-MPDUs generated with block diagram 600. Since a single long training signal is mapped to all the mobile stations a-n, each long training signal has the same MCS applied thereto. In an example, each long training signal has the most robust MCS applied thereto in order to ensure accurate reception at the mobile stations a-n. At block 706, a cyclic prefix is added to the long training signal in accordance with an OFDM modulation scheme. At block 708, the respective power levels for each data stream are applied. The power levels applied at block 708 are the same as the power levels applied at block 606 of block diagram 600. At block 710, beams are formed for the data streams and, at block 712, inverse Fourier transforms are applied before transmitting the long training signals with the antenna array 116.

Embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware and software. Embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable medium, which may be read and executed by at least one processing circuitry to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable medium may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media.

The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. Section 1.72(b) requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to limit or interpret the scope or meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. 

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A wireless device for transmission and reception of wireless signals, the wireless device comprising: processing circuitry including: Medium Access Control (MAC) circuitry to at least: forward a first and a second aggregated medium access control (MAC) protocol data unit (A-MPDU) to a physical layer (PHY) circuitry; wherein the PHY circuitry is to at least: set a first modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for transmission of the first A-MPDU corresponding to a first station; set a second MCS for transmission of the second A-MPDU corresponding to a second station; and wherein the first A-MPDU and the second A-MPDU carry different amounts of payload data, and the first and second MCSs are set to produce transmission lengths that are within a predetermined amount of each other for the first A-MPDU and the second A-MPDU, and wherein the first and second A-MPDUs are to be transmitted in a single multiple user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) frame.
 22. The wireless device of claim 21, wherein the PHY circuitry is to at least: determine that the first MCS is a less robust MCS than a preferred MCS, the preferred MCS is based upon a channel quality between the wireless device and the first station; and set a first transmission power for transmission of the first A-MPDU, responsive to a determination that the first MCS is a less robust MCS, to a transmission power that is greater than a first preferred transmission power, the first preferred transmission power a transmission power calculated based upon the preferred MCS.
 23. The wireless device of claim 22, wherein the PHY circuitry is to at least: determine that the second MCS is a more robust MCS than a second preferred MCS, the second preferred MCS is based upon a channel quality between the wireless device and the second station; and set a second transmission power for transmission of the second A-MPDU, responsive to a determination that the second MCS is a more robust MCS, to a transmission power that is greater than a second preferred transmission power, the second preferred transmission power a transmission power calculated based upon the second preferred MCS.
 24. The wireless device of claim 23, wherein the PHY circuitry is to at least: determine the first and second MCSs and the first and second transmission powers such that a sum of the first and second transmission powers is equal to a sum of the first and second preferred transmission powers.
 25. The wireless device of claim 22, wherein the wireless device is an access point configured to operate according to an 802.11 family of standards.
 26. The wireless device of claim 22, comprising a transceiver configured to transmit the first and second A-MPDUs in the single MU-MIMO frame, the first A-MPDU transmitted with the first transmission power.
 27. The wireless device of claim 22, wherein the PHY circuitry is to at least: send a notification to the first station of the first MCS.
 28. The wireless device of claim 22, wherein the PHY circuitry is to at least: send a notification to the second station of the second MCS.
 29. The wireless device of claim 22, wherein the predetermined amount is one byte.
 30. A non-transitory machine-accessible medium that is to provide instructions, which when accessed, cause a machine to perform operations, the non-transitory machine-accessible medium comprising: set a first modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for transmission of a first aggregated medium access control (MAC) protocol data unit (A-MPDU) corresponding to a first station; set a second MCS for transmission of a second A-MPDU corresponding to a second station; and wherein the first A-MPDU and the second A-MPDU carry different amounts of payload data, and the first and second MCSs are set to produce transmission lengths that are within a predetermined amount of each other for the first A-MPDU and the second A-MPDU, and wherein the first and second A-MPDUs are to be transmitted in a single multiple user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) frame.
 31. The non-transitory machine-accessible medium of claim 30, wherein the instructions comprise further instructions, which when loaded by a machine, causes the machine to be configured to at least: determine that the first MCS is a less robust MCS than a preferred MCS, the preferred MCS is based upon a channel quality between the machine and the first station; and set a first transmission power for transmission of the first A-MPDU, responsive to a determination that the first MCS is a less robust MCS, to a transmission power that is greater than a first preferred transmission power, the first preferred transmission power a transmission power calculated based upon the preferred MCS.
 32. The non-transitory machine-accessible medium of claim 31, wherein the instructions comprise further instructions, which when loaded by a machine, causes the machine to be configured to at least: determine that the second MCS is a more robust MCS than a second preferred MCS, the second preferred MCS is based upon a channel quality between the machine and the second station; and set a second transmission power for transmission of the second A-MPDU, responsive to a determination that the second MCS is a more robust MCS, to a transmission power that is greater than a second preferred transmission power, the second preferred transmission power a transmission power calculated based upon the second preferred MCS.
 33. The non-transitory machine-accessible medium of claim 32, wherein the instructions comprise further instructions, which when loaded by a machine, causes the machine to be configured to at least: determine the first and second MCSs and the first and second transmission powers such that a sum of the first and second transmission powers is equal to a sum of the first and second preferred transmission powers.
 34. The non-transitory machine-accessible medium of claim 31, wherein the machine is an access point configured to operate according to an 802.11 family of standards.
 35. The non-transitory machine-accessible medium of claim 31, wherein the instructions comprise further instructions, which when loaded by a machine, causes the machine to be configured to at least: transmit the first and second A-MPDUs in the single MU-MIMO frame, the first A-MPDU transmitted with the first transmission power.
 36. The non-transitory machine-accessible medium of claim 31, wherein the instructions comprise further instructions, which when loaded by a machine, causes the machine to be configured to at least: send a notification to the first station of the first MCS.
 37. The non-transitory machine-accessible medium of claim 31, wherein the instructions comprise further instructions, which when loaded by a machine, causes the machine to be configured to at least: send a notification to the second station of the second MCS.
 38. The non-transitory machine-accessible medium of claim 31, wherein the predetermined amount is one byte. 